Previous studies have demonstrated that the potential to form a pedicle and first antler (antler generation) resides in the periosteum overlying the presumptive pedicle growth region; this is termed the antlerogenic periosteum (AP; Fig. S1A). Deletion of the AP prevents the development of pedicl...
CRC development may take decades to transform into the final form of cancer. Many factors could modify the pace of this process, including diet, alcohol, and tobacco consumption, as well as contaminants present in water and food [5, 6]. Recently, the gut microbiota (GM) has also been ...
the four-hit theory is widely accepted: excessive abnormal hypogalactosylated IgA1 (Gd-IgA1) are induced by unknown factors and serve as antigen leading to the production of specific autoantibodies, subsequent antigen-antibody complexes take form in the blood circulation, thus finally deposit in the...
Understanding the mechanistic effects of novel immunotherapy agents is critical to improving their successful clinical translation. These effects need to be studied in preclinical models that maintain the heterogenous tumor microenvironment (TME) and dys
These patients have a poor prognosis overall, and some quickly progress to a more severe form of the illness after using BTK inhibitors [137]. Zanubrutinib, Ibrutinib, and Acalabrutinib, three authorized targeted BTK inhibitors, have altered the landscape of the management of R/R MCL. There...
Microbiome alterations have been associated with depression, and fecal transfer of depressed patients’ microbiomes is sufficient to enhance despair behaviors in rodents. Yet little is known about the potential mechanisms, whereby microbes modulate depre
We observed a more isolated clustering of epithelial and stromal cells compared with immune cells, which have circulating capability. Because epithelial and stromal cells are fundamental components that form protective barriers and supporting matrix for many organs, disruptions in their homeostasis have bee...
CD274 or PD-L1 is the ligand of the PD-1 immune checkpoint which is expressed on T cells. Ligand binding triggers a series of downstream cascades, eventually leading to the exhaustion of T cells in the form of decreased proliferation and promoted apoptosis. Recurrent gain and amplification of...
SARS-CoV-2 recognizes the ACE2 receptor on the host cell membrane via the RBD of spike protein, and enters host cell. Once uncoating, the viral genomic RNA will be used to synthesize the genomic RNA (- sense). Next, the genomic RNA is used as a template to form genomic and ...
Human tumors consist of both epithelial-like tumor cells and their surrounding cells and extracellular components, such as vasculature, fibroblasts, immune cells, endothelial cells and extracellular matrix (ECM). The surrounding components interact with tumor cells to form a microenvironment that favors ...