(French for ‘small offence’) Alibellewas a pamphlet, script or other publication that ridiculed or slandered one or more political figures. The production of Frenchlibellesincreased during the 1780s, as did their cruelty. Louis XVI, Marie Antoinette and royal ministers were the most popular ta...
SLVSTRU, Andrei ConstantinArgumentum: Journal the Seminar of Discursive Logic, Argumentation Theory & Rhetoric
Devastating civil wars between liberal and absolutist factions led by officers trained in the Peninsular War persisted in Iberia until 1850. The cumulative crises and disruptions of invasion, revolution, and restoration led to the independence of most of Spain’s American colonies and the independence...
This article aims to reexamine the meanings of the French Revolution through the analysis of the Lyon Revolt and the cruel massacre by the revolutionary government in May 1793. Was it a reactionary and anti-revolutionary mouvement perpetrated by the bourgeois and the royalists of the French second...
Descended from an old aristocratic family from Brittany, Chateaubriand was a royalist by political disposition. In an age when a number of intellectuals turned against the Church, he authored the Génie du christianisme in defense of the Catholic faith. His works include the autobiography...
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At the end of August 1793, the National Convention’s troops had taken Marseille but were halted before Toulon, where the royalists had called in British forces. With the commander of the National Convention’s artillery wounded, Bonaparte got the post through the commissioner to the army, Ant...
Jean-Marie Roland (born February 18, 1734, Thizy, France—died November 15, 1793, Bourg-Beaudoin) was a French industrial scientist who, largely through his wife’s ambition, became a leader of the moderate Girondin faction of bourgeois revolutionaries during the French Revolution. The son of ...
Bertrand Barère was a leading member of the Committee of Public Safety that ruled Revolutionary France during the period of the Jacobin dictatorship (1793–94); his stringent policies against those suspected of royalist tendencies made him one of the mo
Legion of Honour, premier order of the French republic, created by Napoleon Bonaparte, then first consul, on May 19, 1802, as a general military and civil order of merit conferred without regard to birth or religion provided that anyone admitted swears t