The sanctioning of norm-violating behavior by an effective formal authority is an efficient solution for social dilemmas. It is in the self-interest of voters and is often favorably contrasted with letting citizens take punishment into their own hands. Allowing informal sanctions, by contrast, not...
4.Characterized by technical or polysyllabic vocabulary, complex sentence structure, and explicit transitions; not colloquial or informal:formal discourse. 5.Having the outward appearance but lacking in substance:a formal requirement that is usually ignored. ...
(informal) in formal clothing.He doesn't like to dress formal. formal词组 formal education正规教育;形式教育 record of formal schooling学历 formal description形式描述 formal training正规训练;形式练习;正式训练 formal language形式语言 formal analysis形式分析 ...
For an excellent informal account of the emergence of climate policy in the United States, see Rabe (2004). On the other hand, using a coalition model Finus and Rübbelke (2013) find that ancillary benefits donotenhance the prospects of an efficient global climate agreement. Countries taking ...
That thresholdsdepends on a regulatee’s goal set (goal-frame and background goals) and option sets(alternatives available), and it is ultimately an empirical issue. This indeterminacy in thesframew...Jacob, Herbert (1980) `Deterrent effects of formal and informal sanction', Law & Policy ...
Using the phenomenon of deviance by employees against the rules of the formal work organization as the behavior of interest, the differential saliences of both formal (i.e., management) and informal (i.e., co-worker) sanction severity are empirically compared. As hypothesized, the perceived ...
Conversely, there is also evidence to suggest that formal sanctioning systems might buttress an individual's willingness to impose informal sanctions, making the norm even stronger. Study 1 was a quasi-experimental field survey of 150 Massachusetts residents living in three communities: one with a ...
The Persistence of Organizational Deviance: When Informal Sanctioning Systems Undermine Formal Sanctioning Systemsdoi:10.1017/beq.2018.15Danielle E. WarrenPhilosophy Documentation Center
For an excellent informal account of the emergence of climate policy in the United States, see Rabe (2004). On the other hand, using a coalition model Finus and Rübbelke (2013) find that ancillary benefits donotenhance the prospects of an efficient global climate agreement. Countries taking ...
Self-organization for Collective Action: An Experimental Study of Voting on Formal, Informal, and no Sanction Regimes. Working Papers 2011-4, Brown University, Department of Economics.Markussen, T., Putterman, L., Tyran, J.-R., 2011. Self-Organization for Collective Action: An Experimental ...