To find the force of attraction between the pole faces, the standard virtual work approach is used: (4.3.4)Fx=−∂Wmag∂g=−B22μ0hl. In the case of an electric machine with smooth stator and rotor surfaces, the flux density normal to the ficititious “pole faces” is the radi...
(General Physics) the principle that the force of attraction or repulsion between two point electric charges is directly proportional to the product of the charges and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. A similar law holds for particles with mass ...
Since in our case, the separation between paths is negligible on the spatial scale of the potential variations, this amounts to integrating an acceleration profile a(z) over the atom’s trajectory in free fall z(t): $$\bar{a}=\frac{1}{2T}\underset{0}{\overset{2T}{\int }}a(z(...
Van der Waals (vdW) forces are the weakest of the electrostatic interactions. They are always attractive since their physical origin is the dipole-dipole attraction between molecules, which is much weaker than the conventional chemical bonds (ionic or covalent). From a fundamental point of v...
Bonding forces are forces of attraction or repulsion which act between neighboring particles such as atoms, molecules or ions. Bonding force determines the elastic modulus (or Young's modulus) of a material (how stiff a material is). The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are...
Nonetheless, clear and well-founded exceptions to the rule exist in the presence of multivalent ions4,5 and in particular regimes involving high magnitudes of electrical charge and in low dielectric constant media6. But over the decades, consistent reports of attraction between like-charged particles...
7.The Application of LS-DYNA in Soil-Structure Interaction;LS-DYNA在土—结构动力相互作用中的应用 8.The forces between interacting bodies are equal and opposite.相互作用的物体之间的力大小相等、方向相反。 9.The attraction is due to electrostatic forces.它们之间相互吸引是由于静电力作用。 10.The Res...
Fluctuations in the number of water molecules drawn into the interionic space decisively influence the dissociation. The attraction between counterions, averaged over thermal fluctuations, depends largely on the pore width and grows as the shielding of the ions' electric field by water molecules in ...
attraction, and by the screening of this attraction by condensed moisture from the atmosphere. At healed interfaces the energy depends on both environmental interaction and “lattice” coherence. At retracted cracks in mica-mica most of the virgin ionic attraction is retained. On misorienting ...
The concept of “hydrophobicity” first arose to describe the low solubility and unexpectedly strong attraction between hydrocarbon molecules in water (Chapter 8). This concept was initially applied only to small solute molecules, and it was believed to be associated with the way water molecules ...