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Light-induced degradation in ambient air hinders the long-term operational stability of tin-lead perovskite solar cells. Here, authors monitor the irreversible phase reconstruction process during perovskite degradation, guiding stability improvements for tin-lead perovskite and tandem solar cells. ...
Inhomogeneous hydrodynamic models of a classical ideal gas, undergoing an adiabatic but irreversible expansion, are obtained by replacing the dust source of Tolman-lemaitre-Bondi metrics with a viscous fluid. Sufficient conditions are provided to test the compatibility of the models with the formalisms...
Human activities affect the Earth System with an unprecedented magnitude, causing undesirable irreversible degradation. The United Nation’s Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide an integrated global action plan for sustainable development. However, it remains a great challenge to develop actionable ...
When the heater works, the phase-change liquid changes into the vapor state, which leads to the expansion of the chamber and the deformation of the elastic membrane. The advantages of thermopneumatic microvalves are their robustness and ability to generate large forces over a considerable distance...
(IPCC2018) stresses the importance of limiting global warming to 1.5 °C instead of 2 °C by the end of this century to avoid tipping points and irreversible changes in our environment. It highlights, in particular, that delayed climate action implies significantly higher costs, as it locks ...
Nevertheless, studies demonstrated a degradation of the perovskite films, which is iniciated at defect sites in their grain boundaries and interfaces due to the moisture and oxygen, whose presence affects the perovskites towards their diffusion, and consequently, irreversible damage. It is in this ...
parameters demonstrates again that the solar wind at 1 au is an ideal plasma laboratory and provides allin-situspacecraft with a broad variation in plasma conditions to be sampled. Although we cannot observe the full expansion of the solar wind by measuring itsin-situproperties at 1 au, this ...
Moreover, even in the ideal case with sufficient sampling, there are a class of processes such as the free expansion of a gas, to which the JE does not apply due to a fundamental reason that has been referred to asabsolute irreversibility23,24,25,26,27,28. A process is called absolutel...
the high water affinity of the metal nodes in HKUST-1 incurs irreversible loss of crystallinity and adsorption performance under moisture in ambient conditions30,31. This makes long-term usage of the adsorbent problematic. It is the inadequate working capacity and poor chemical stability of even ben...