Ref: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skewness#Definition :param y: the discrete distribution from which one wants to calculate the skew :type y: pandas.Series or np.array :return: the skew of distribution y :retur
where \(\left\| \cdot \right\|_\infty\) is the operator norm and \({\cal E}^ \ast\) is the dual of \({\cal E}\) in the Heisenberg picture. Extracting entanglement subject to an energy constraint Here we propose a definition for the entanglement accessible to Alice and Bob when ...
where \(E\) represents the expectation operator of a random variable. The \(F\) is the Fourier transform of the time series \(x(i)\) and F* is its conjugate. The two types of phase entropy, \({S}_{1}\) and \({S}_{2}\), can be defined as: $${S}_{1}=-\,\sum _{...
Free faces, defined in cubical complex theory, can be removed simplifying the cubicle complex, while preserv- ing a discrete notion of homotopy equivalence. These are defined formally as: Definition 2. Let X be a cubicle complex, and let f, g ⊂ X be faces. g is a proper face of f...
TF(t) = (Frequency of a term in the text) / (Total number of words in the text). IDF: Inverse Document Frequency: It uses a mathematics log function to calculate the inverse document frequency IDF(t) = log_e(Total number of rows / Number of rows having term in it). Suppose a do...
We study stochastic games of resource extraction, in which the players have identical preferences. The transition probability is either non-atomic or a convex combination of transition probabilities depending on the investment with coefficients also dependent on the investment. Our approach covers the unb...
While Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI) lacks a broadly accepted definition, it is commonly viewed as a collection of tools or procedures that aim to clarify how model predictions are made [67,68]. XAI approaches can be classified according to model explainability, application domain, and ...
Definition of the spatial structure parameters of mingling, dominance, and the uniform angle index. 2.8. Accuracy Assessment Measured references in the field were used to evaluate the results of tree mapping. Mapping accuracy is based on the plane position errors and elevation measurement errors. ...
Definition of the spatial structure parameters of mingling, dominance, and the uniform angle index. 2.8. Accuracy Assessment Measured references in the field were used to evaluate the results of tree mapping. Mapping accuracy is based on the plane position errors and elevation measurement errors. ...
A primary reason is that the definition of “line segment” is difficult to formalize with various rules because scenes in the real world are very diverse, and a perceptible line segment is actually relevant to complicated factors, such as sudden changes in curvature or color, sharp edge, plane...