There are three main ways that transformed areas can influence species in natural areas: (1) through movement and dispersal, (2) resource availability, and (3) through the abiotic environment5,6. Movement betwee
To quantify trait plasticity, I calculated a plasticity index (PIv) [32] as the difference between the maximum and minimum values of the trait mean, divided by the maximum value, for each species. There are many different ways to calculate relative plasticity [33]; this o...
C. Were any of the parameters measured after ingesting distilled water What are examples of criteria pollutants that are most highly toxic even in small quantities? Briefly describe the uses of modeling in environmental toxicology. Toxicity can ...