Type of antigen-Primary immune responses are activated by interaction with any type of antigen unlike the secondary immune response that is produced due to an interaction with a protein antigen Route of antigen entry-The initial response to an antigen is influenced by the route of entry and entry...
B cells are the immune cells involved in the production and release of antibodies, which are also referred to asimmunoglobulins. The fundamental structural unit of an immunoglobulin is a Y-shaped structure, i.e. two heavy chains and two light chains. Each of these chains consists of the varia...
Induction of mucosal immune responses and protection of cattle against direct-contact challenge by intranasal delivery with foot-and-mouth disease virus an... The aim of this study was to enhance specific mucosal, systemic, and cell-mediated immunity and to induce earlier onset of protection against...
2 immune responses. Furthermore, the EOs of some plants show the ability to reduce the mast cell degranulation and improve the airway inflammation and mucus obstruction in the cases of immediate hypersensitivity in murine models. Additionally, the cytotoxicity of some EOs against human melanoma, ...
I wanted to find a solution so that nobody would have to feel the way I did; nobody deserved to feel that pain, fear, and resentment. As I learned more about the medical world, I became more fascinated with the body’s immune responses, specifically, how a body reacts to allergens....
The T cells of the immune system help destroy harmful invaders, and upon detecting their presence they produce and secrete growth factors to which they themselves respond. The result is an increase in their numbers, and an ensuing increase in the magnitude of the defensive response. Whether a ...
Apoptosis is also an essential part of the immune system as it clears the pathogen-specific immune cells once the foreign particle is removed from the body. This also helps to remove the immune cells that might react against the body’s cells and cause autoimmune diseases. ...
Hypersensitivity reactions are destructive immune responses that occur when the immune system aggressively reacts to something benign that it perceives as foreign to the body. There are four kinds of hypersensitivities: hypersensitivity type I, hypersensitivity type II, hypersensitivity type III, and hyp...
As I learned more about the medical world, I became more fascinated with the body’s immune responses, specifically, how a body reacts to allergens. This past summer, I took a month-long course on human immunology at Stanford University. I learned about the different mechanisms and cells ...
On the other hand, antibodies bind to antigens with high specificity to recognize and neutralize them, hence playing an essential role in immune responses. However, when it comes to base pairing, what transpires is somewhat different from these interactions. Pairing occurs between complementary ...