Specific immunity can also be acquired by artificial means; the most common example being immunization, in which the body is exposed to precise amounts of a pathogen in order to stimulate the immune response and acquire immunity without actually becoming ill. The Health Board is dedicated to ...
T follicular helper cells (Tfh) are a CD4+ Th cell subset promoted the cognate control of antigen-specific B cell immunity. Upon first contact with antigen-primed B cells, Tfh can support either extrafollicularly differentiation into short-lived plasma cells (PC) or enter follicles to form ...
In addition to pathogen-dependent variation, the innate immune response varies among individuals due to genetic diversity. For example, cytokine production capacity or cell-surface expression of markers used to identify leukocyte differentiation and activation are modulated by genetic variation2,3. The ...
Each of these mouse strains exhibit differences in human immune system cell development. For example, NSG mice support higher levels of HSC engraftment and T-cell development in comparison to RG mice. NSG mice also have increased HSC bone marrow engraftment in comparison to NOG mice29, 31. ...
For example, there are no cell lines of lymphoid origin, and there are few specific antibody reagents for detecting or characterizing bat cells or proteins. Thus, it has been difficult, if not impossible, to identify and/or isolate immune cells, such as lymphocytes, or to monitor cellular or...
Enhancement of antibody production and expression of c-Fos in the insular cortex in response to a conditioned stimulus after a single-trial learning paradigm Immune responses can be modulated by Pavlovian conditioning techniques. In this study, to evaluate the conditionability of antibody response via...
DNA damage response CHK1: Checkpoint kinase 1 DSBs: Double strand breaks PALB2: partner and localizer of BRCA2 CtIP: C-terminal binding protein-interacting protein NSCLC: Non-small cell lung cancer UAF1: USP1 associated factor 1 ZEB1: Zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 OC: ...
Interestingly, immune and inflammation pathways were also activated by fetal hypoxia in ODCs and A2B5+cells. For example, the key cytokinesIl1bandIl1awere upregulated in the ODC lineage, which can result in excessive inflammation and ODC and A2B5+cell death [50]. IL-1β is consistently up...
Virus replication and intrahost spread depends on a virus’ ability to overcome early innate immune responses14,15,16. The type I interferon (IFN) response, for example, has been shown to control poliovirus tissue tropism in mice12, 13. As evidence of the strong selective pressure that innate...
The use of plasmid DNA as DNA vaccine is a relatively recent approach in the vaccinology field that overcomes many of the problems associated with conventional immunization; for example, the potential danger due to the production and distribution of live vaccine virus. In addition, the proteins exp...