This chapter provides an overview of the steps of eukaryotic gene expression by RNA polymerase II, from the birth to the end of mRNA life. Transcriptional initiation of RNA polymerase II genes typically involves
Enhancer (stimulates transcription) steps 1) activator binds at enhancer site2) DNA bends3)complex forms at promotor (regulatory and general)4) RNA poly. binds5)transcription initiation Combinatorial variable gene control of gene expression. 5 levels 1)genome2)transcription3)RNA processing4)translation...
Interestingly, gene regulation can also be achieved through the association between RNA aptamers and small molecules, as exemplified by riboswitches. In this review, examples will be given of the specific control of gene expression by aptamers targeted to different kind of targets. We will focus a...
Figure 1.Simplified view of eukaryotic gene expression, covering transcription and the nuclear mRNP processing steps of 5′-end capping, splicing, mRNP assembly, 3′-end cleavage and polyadenylation, mRNP surveillance and RNA export, which are coupled or coordinated with transcription. NMD, nonsense-...
If this is the case, it would be beneficial to the cell for that gene’s promoter to recruit transcription factors more efficiently and increase gene expression. Scientists examining the evolution of promoter sequences have reported varying results. In part, this is because it is difficult to ...
As they are distributed less globally than known functions, their extent remains to be evaluated, although we have shown here that they represent a highly significant portion of the gene repertoire of eukaryotic plankton. The environmental footprint of gene expression in phyto- plankton. To high...
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DNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RNAP) performs gene transcription in three steps—initiation, elongation, and termination—regulated by specific initiation, elongation, and termination factors1,2. During mRNA transcription by eukaryotic RNA polymerase II (RNAPII), transcribed pre-mRNA undergoes 5´-cappin...
Here, we overcome the challenges to adapt non-LTR retroelement machinery for gene addition to the human genome using target-site-specific members of the R2 retroelement family, which harbor a single open reading frame (ORF). R2 is detected in the genomes of diverse metazoans12. Mammals lost R2...
expression with additional partner(s) and/or modifying enzymes carried on additional compatible vectors[72]. However, this approach has limitations. Aside from the sequential steps needed for construct generation, a fixed gene ratio may cause an imbalance of proteins. With the single-cassette-pol...