Pupil Detection The circular ring rays location (CRRL) method [77] is utilized for pupil center detection, for the reason that it is more robust and accurate than conventional detection methods. As shown in Figure...
First, we introduce the CTM notation, the main methods for CTM estimation, comparison, and aggregation of the underlying datasets, and the bank-sourced PD estimates used in our analysis. Subsequently, we compare the three aggregation methods for CTM estimation, construct empirical, bank-sourced ...
The Weighted Moving Average Method As probe vehicles generally have a low level of market penetration (e.g., 3%) and a low sampling rate (e.g., 2 min), the sample size of FCD may not be sufficient in some time intervals. The smoothing methods, such as the moving average method, ...
SoC estimation is a challenging task hindered by considerable changes in battery characteristics over its lifetime due to aging and to the distinct nonlinear behavior. This has led scholars to propose different methods that clearly raised the challenge of establishing a relationship between the accuracy...
Different from other data-driven methods, the SVM method is more suitable for nonlinear problems with small samples, and can effectively prevent against local minimization. Moreover, it is not sensitive to dimension of the data and variability. In [24], a SVM classification and regression model ...
The results from the microfluidic deformation analysis were well in accordance with the results from force spectroscopy. The microfluidic method, however, provides advantages over conventional methods, as it is less invasive and less likely to harm the cell during the measurement. The whole cell is ...
Modeling and dynamic simulation on engraving process of rotating band into rifled barrel using three different numerical methods. J. Vibroengineering 2016, 18, 768–780. 10. Sun, Q.; Yang, G.; Ge, J. Modeling and simulation on engraving process of projectile rotating band under different ...
Note that the indirect estimation methods applied to EAD by prior studies [8,10] are not applicable here because of the fixed exposures of the consumer loans. For the comparative two-stage models, we adopted the same methodology as used for the model proposed in this study: predicting the ...
In this research, the battery pack SOC estimated by the C-BMS was used to update the equivalent circuit model parameters and the hyperparameters of the Kalman filter in the V-BMS. Based on the investigation of the SOC estimation methods, the results of the research have proven the ...
In the broadest classification, the noise level estimation algorithms can be grouped into one of the following classes: block-based methods, filter-based methods and transform domain methods. In the block-based noise level estimation approach, images are tessellated into blocks [11–15]. Most ...