The expression of enhancer RNAs (eRNAs) is important for enhancer activation. As eRNAs are non-polyadenylated, Shiekhattar and colleagues studied the role of the Integrator complex, which is required for the 3′-end processing of other non-polyadenylated RNAs, in their biogenesis....
Enhancers are one of the main players driving spatiotemporal gene expression patterns, and they could harbor genetic variants underlying complex traits and diseases. Despite being paramount to our understanding of gene regulation, “enhancer–gene maps are challenging to build experimentally. The ...
IRSs had chromatin signatures typical of enhancers, bound to transcription factors that commonly bind to enhancers and enhanced gene expression in reporter assays. Thus, IRSs seem to be transcriptionally active intragenic enhancers. This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution ...
Gene expression is epigenetically regulated by a combination of histone modifications and methylation of CpG dinucleotides in promoters. In normal cells, CpG-rich promoters are typically unmethylated, marked with histone modifications such as H3K4me3, and are highly active. During neoplastic transformation,...
Originally discovered in simian virus 40 (SV40), a small DNA virus, transcription enhancers were soon also found in immunoglobulin genes and other cellular genes as key determinants of cell-type-specific gene expression. Enhancers can exert their effect over long distances of thousands, even ...
Together, our data show that enhancers, in general, control gene expression predominantly by Pol II recruitment and initiation rather than via pausing.doi:10.2139/ssrn.3508885Martin Stephen Charles LarkeTakayuki NojimaJelena TeleniusJacqueline A. Sharpe...
Chromatin accessibility of the genome has received more and more attention in the recent years. It is known that putative accessible regions in the genome often work with TFs, RNA polymerases, and other cellular machines to regulate gene expression [20]. The development of high-throughput sequencin...
Transcriptional enhancers direct precise on-off patterns of gene expression during development. To explore the basis for this precision, we conducted a high-throughput analysis of the Otx-a enhancer, which mediates expression in the neural plate of Ciona embryos in response to fibroblast growth factor...
Enhancers, not promoters, are the most dynamic in their DNA methylation status throughout development and differentiation. Generally speaking, enhancers that are primed to or actually drive gene expression are characterized by relatively low levels of DNA methylation (hypo-methylation), while inactive en...
Studies of regulatory activity and gene expression have revealed an intriguing dichotomy: There is substantial turnover in the regulatory activity of orthologous sequences between species; however, the expression level of orthologous genes is largely conserved. Understanding how distal regulatory elements, ...