UNIFIED THEORY ABOUT ORBITAL ENERGY FORMULA OF ELEMENTARY PARTICLE AND THAT OF SPACE, AND ASPECTS OF SPACE AND ATOMPROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To solve the problems on the unified theory about the orbital energy formula of elementary particles and that of space, and to clarify the aspects of space ...
The expression for the energy of a photon is thus: Ep=hf According to Albert Einstein's Theory of Relativity, each particle of matter has inherent potential energy proportional to the particle's mass and the square of the speed of light (c). The relevant expression is: Em=mc2 Einstein's...
For strongly magnetized plasmas, both the total energy and the magnetic moment are constants of the particle motion, so that particles having only a small portion of their velocity vector aligned with the magnetic field will become trapped in this variation of B, and in axisymmetric tokamaks they...
where the coordinate and momentum operators {x, p} refer to the Brownian particle and {qi, pi} are the coordinate and momentum operators of the i-th heat bath oscillator of mass mi and the eigenfrequency ωi. The parameter ci characterizes the coupling strength of the central system S with...
This unit of energy is, for example, used to describe the annihilation process where an electron (with the mass me=9.109×10−31 kgme=9.109×10−31 kg) collides with a positron (particle with the same mass but opposite charge) and creates two photons with the energy 1.022 MeV1.022 Me...
This energy is calculated by the formula. (1)Eads = EA+B - EA- EB where EA+B, EA, and EB represent the energies of the adsorption system, substrate, and adsorbent, respectively. If the adsorption is thermodynamically favorable, the energy of the whole adsorption system will be lower ...
Quantization of Light Just as the energy of an electron is quantized, the energy of all waves is quantized, and what is referred to as light is really an electromagnetic wave. This means that visible light is quantized, and the quantization of visible light is responsible for the particle/...
Current interest in laser-driven ion accelerators, as a radically different, compact alternative to RF accelerators, stems from remarkable properties such as large particle flux, short pulse duration and exceptional beam emittance1. However, the large angular and spectral spread of the ion beams which...
(HHO) to design the prey to search for the best escape position, and reduces the local The optimal probability, and the use of Particle Swarm Optimizer (PSO) and Bat Optimizer (BO) to design the moving modes of different positions, increase the ability to find the global optimum, so as ...
In the optimization problem of a train stopping scheme, which is essentially an NP-hard problem with high complexity that is difficult to solve, metaheuristic algorithms are mostly used to solve it [8]. Among them, the particle swarm algorithm (PSO) [9] and genetic algorithm (GA) [10] are...