From the Heisenberg equations of motion for all coordinate and momentum operators one can obtain an effective equation of motion for the oscillator coordinate operator x(t). It is called a generalized quantum Langevin equation (GQLE) and reads22 Mx¨(t)+Mω02x(t)+∫0tduγ(t−u)x˙(u...
Power, in science and engineering, time rate of doing work or delivering energy, expressible as the amount of work done W, or energy transferred, divided by the time interval t—or W/t. A given amount of work can be done by a low-powered motor in a long
The increasing penetration of DG based on renewable resources into the UG is primarily due to the growing emphasis on sustainability around the world. DERs present a range of electrical safety challenges for power systems engineers and researchers, notwithstanding their significant economic potential. Imp...
58. Co-pyrolysis of Chinese herb residue and polypropylene over Ni, Fe, Co and Cu/AC: Co-production and formation mechanism of carbon nanomaterials, liquid oil and pyrolysis gas 59. Comparing the effects of Juliflora biodiesel doped with nano-additives on the performance of a compression ignition...
In particular, this equation can be used to calculate the eigenvalues of the particle's energy in an MQW structure, in which the potential takes only two different values in the various layers. A formula is analyzed that was obtained earlier by the author for the number of energy levels in...
Thus, although the energy characterization of the improved cookstoves and their main emissions (CO and particle matter) has been widely studied, works assessing NOx are scarce. Therefore, this work aims to study the effect of the air flows ratio (combustion-air/gasification-air), a controllable...
Answer to: Show that the rest mass of a particle is related to its kinetic energy, K, and linear momentum, p, by the equation m0 = (P^2c^2 -...
Kramers investigated a one-dimensional system concerning the escaping rate of a particle from an energy well overcoming a barrier that is significantly separated from the well20. Approximating the energy landscapeU(x) near the well (atxw) and the barrier (atx_{b}) byUw(x) ≈U(xw) + ...
Rydberg atoms, with their enormous electronic orbitals, exhibit dipole–dipole interactions reaching the gigahertz range at a distance of a micrometre, making them a prominent contender for realizing ultrafast quantum operations. However, such strong interactions between two single atoms have so far never...
The Bayesian structural equation defines the causal relationships to variables representing failure scenarios: membrane drying and hot spot formation. The study identifies that the current density and the quantity of water at PEM's anode are two critical variables responsible for the reliability of the...