Hierarchical governance comprises top-down processes with fixed rules. Powerful actors, often part of the state or mandated by it, can command, control, and sanction others. Particularly, national governments influence electricity sectors, because they are essential for economic development and electoral...
Independent regulatory agencies and rules harmonization for the electricity sector and renewables in the Mediterranean region Energy Policy, 60 (2013), pp. 179-191, 10.1016/j.enpol.2013.04.078 View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar [11] U.S. Energy Information Agency, Table 4.3 Existing...
Thus, despite changes to the auction rules, those held between 2006 and 2014 attracted few bids, and bid prices were high, as shown in Fig. 2. Table 2. Stages of reform. Enactment of the Electricity Act and initial adjustments: 1982–1990 DFL-1a (Electricity Act), 1982, (i) obliges ...
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With clear rules that apply to every employee, we're rigorously strengthening awareness of compliance-related issues throughout the Company. We've also set up a central helpdesk (see page 91) to which employees anywhere in the world can direct com- pliance-related questions concerning...
(2005); Dixit et al. (2014); World Bank, Ecofys and Vivid Economics, (2016); Averch and Johnson (1962). Retail tariffs set the rules and procedures that determine how different categories of consumers are charged for their electricity use. Depending on the objectives of the regulator, ...
These rules take the form of dif f erent emissions performance standardsfor dif f erent classes of power plant technologies, creating a complex set of regulations thatmake it dif f i cult to understand their consequential impacts on power system capacity, oper-ations, and emissions without ...
This rules out rate structures that lead to higher total system costs and larger deviations from revenue neutrality. In contrast, there exist superior rate structures for the entire range of possible GHGs. The Pareto frontier itself reveals very divergent solutions, e.g., the following vectors (...
View PDFView articleView in ScopusGoogle Scholar European UnionDirective of 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009, 2009 European Union, Directive of 2009/72/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 July 2009 Concerning common rules for the in...
the architecture rules and a linear optimisation function subject to linear and integer constraints, such that a total length of the paths is minimized, wherein the design outputs comprise the plurality of paths; a redundancy engine arranged to receive the design outputs from the optimisation engine...