Etymologically, the ecosystem meaning and origin can be traced back to the Ancient Greek“οἶκος”(“oîkos”) for “house” and“σύστημα”(“sústēma”) for “organized body”. The term was coined in the early 1930s by the botanist, Roy Clapham, to denote the physic...
as open or closed. Most natural ecosystems are open, meaning they exchange matter and energy with the greater environment. Closed ecosystems are contained and do not exchange matter and energy with other environments. An example of a closed ecosystem is a terrarium that is closed off and covered...
Ecosystem research draws from a variety of literature, such as innovation studies, entrepreneurship research and the strategy literature, to understand ecosystems’ unique dynamics and characteristics (Scaringella and Radziwon, 2018, Spigel and Harrison, 2017). This proliferation of ecosystem research has...
However, we think that the term “health” has an additional meaning that could be lost if we opted for these other terms, namely, “health” entails a normativity component related to organisms, allowing us to differentiate normal from pathological states in a stronger manner that has ...
A simple analysis demonstrates that self reproduction of populations and ecosystem's steady state (or 'self reproduction of the ecosystem') are incompatible in conditions of constant chemical composition, meaning that no ecosystem can persist forever. However, ecosystems find ways to persist for ...
aMany animals and insects survive by arboreal locomotion— the ability to move through the trees—but primates are the only species able to move from branch to branch by hanging with the arms. This ability is called brachiation. Modern humans retain all the physical characteristics of brachiato...
Area network has the same meaning as the term "distribution secondary grid network" found in institute of electrical and electronics engineers (IEEE) standard 1547 sub clause 4.1.4. Platform Services means the products and services that Platform Users receive from a Stripe Connect Platform, ...
ψcritis inversely related to the sand fraction (note the logarithmic scale), meaning that ecosystems in sandy soils become water limited at less negative soil water potentials than in fine-textured soils. This is explained by the steeper decline in soil hydraulic conductivity in coarse soils, as...
Classification systems are usually based on a theoretical framework whose principles and concepts are reflected in the meaning and structure of the items presented. It is thus important to explore the main classification systems, in order to highlight the embedded notions they state. For example, ...
We searched peer-reviewed publications, theses, government and consultant reports, and databases for information on ecosystem services for the 21 lakes. A full tabulation of all ecosystem services we quantified appears in Table B3. Search terms were not standardized, meaning we performed targeted an...