IBM Global Business Services 5 Ecosystems are characterized by an architecture that breaks from traditional markets. Ecosystems are structurally complex environments inhabited by diverse participants with unique rules of engagement. Ecosystem defined Traditionally, we have thought of an ecosystem as a ...
Novel ecosystems are characterized by species compositions and relative abundances that differ from those that occurred previously and have the potential for introducing ecological change. In this study, we evaluated bird species that are able to dwell in novel ecosystems in a representative area of ...
primitive methanogenic ecosystems are characterized by extremely low biomass productivity, AG + AT being the most productive pathway by far (Fig.2). As microbial chemolithotrophs consume atmospheric electron donors, they drive the system closer to its thermodynamic equilibrium, thus gradually decreasi...
Introduced to the economics literature by Moore [27,40], digital business ecosystems are complex networks of platform-mediated actor-to-actor interactions involving digital technologies [18]. Independent participants are linked by a common goal—namely the overall ecosystem’s success [16]. An e-com...
Rainforests are one of the most remarkable ecosystems on Earth. They are characterized by their lush vegetation, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. The tropical rainforest is a home to an incredibly diverse range of plant and animal species. The biodiversity of rainforests is truly astonishing....
Rainforests are one of the most remarkable ecosystems on Earth. They are characterized by their lush vegetation, high humidity, and abundant rainfall. The tropical rainforest is home to an incredibly diverse range of plant and animal species. The biodiversity of rainforests is truly astonishing. The...
aThe oceans are characterized by a great diversity in terms of physical features, ecosystems and life, ranging from shallow, near-shore ecosystems and species to the deepest and most remote features, such as trenches and abyssal plains, both within and beyond areas of national jurisdiction. 海洋描...
These dynamic interfaces of freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems are characterized by complex relationships among abiotic resources and their partitioning, natural disturbances and associated successional processes (Goebel et al., 2012), which in turn promote the coexistence of plant species with different ...
(Adner2012; Basole and Rouse2008; Rosenkopf and Schilling2008). This view combines both the resource dependency and the coalition perspective and suggests that interfirm networks are complex systems characterized by co-evolving actors engaged in collaboration and co-opetition (Iansiti and Levien2004; ...
Theecosystem stability is characterized by two properties:resilience and resistance. Resilience is a property that ismanifested in an ecosystem when organisms are killed orweakened. Resilience also refers to the rate at which thedensity of a population in an ecosystem comes back to theequilibrium ...