We employ GDP growth to measure the fluctuation of economic cycles and decompose it into trend and cyclical components through H-P filtering, exploring the impact of environmental constraint targets on bank credit structure under different economic cycles relative to economic growth targets. Specifically...
GDP per capita: GDP per capita can be defined as the total measure of a country's output in relation to the total people in that country. It can also be referred to as the Gross Domestic Product per capita and is calculated by dividing the entire country's production output by the total...
This investigation aims to explore the impact of renewable energy consumption on energy intensity, and the potential moderating role of income inequality therein. Since per capita GDP, one of the right-hand side control variables, is also a component of the left-hand side dependent variable, this...
per capita is used to report average figures per person. For example, it’s often used tocompare economic indicators like gross domestic product(GDP) between two countries with different population sizes. Per capita offers a way to compare numerical averages fairly on an apples-to-apples basis....
(in a million tonnes of oil equivalent) per capita, GDP is the ln of real Gross Domestic Product per capita (2010 constant prices) as a proxy for economic growth, GDP2 is GDP squared, EDU is the ln of education measured as gross primary school enrollment and \(\mu\) it the error ...
GDP is divided by population to determine personal income, adjusted for inflation with real GDP, and adjusted forpurchasing power parityto control for the impacts of regional price disparities. Real per capita GDP adjusted for purchasing power parity is a heavily refined statistic used to measure tr...
We re-estimated the effect by adjusting the control variables. First, we used per capita GDP instead of GDP as a control variable to measure the regional economic development level. Second, local Internet development can affect GDF and education. Thus, based on the original control variables, IN...
The ICRG measure on the quality of government is computed as the average value of the “Corruption”, “Law and Order”, and “Bureaucracy Quality” indicators. We include additional control variables to account for each country’s macroeconomic conditions, social, political, and geographical ...
In addition, we measure Regional development as the province’s GDP per capita (i.e., the province’s GDP divided by its population). Owing to the potential difference in CSR focus between firms listed on the Shenzhen and Shanghai stock exchanges (Marquis & Qian, 2014), we include a ...
1. Introduction Environmental degradation poses severe threats to the world. As an emerging economy afflicted by environmental pollution, China has suffered substantial welfare losses. News reports indicate that economic losses due to environmental pollution have exceeded 3% of China’s GDP and the figur...