Though most adult cells contain two sets of chromosomes, sperm and egg cells are different. These special cells have just one chromosome from each pair. Which chromosome they get from each pair is random, making
functionalization of the gene duplicates and their subsequent retention. (4) Loss of the mitogene may be fixed by drift if the mitochondrial mutation rate is high in a small population. In certain situations, this can occur even though there is a fitness cost caused by retaining only the nucl...
In humans, while sperm cells have mitochondria, they seem to get destroyed by the egg after it is fertilized. We usually inherit mitochondrial DNA only from our mothers, not our fathers. So by categorizing mtDNA and looking at where it’s spread in the world, we can retrace the footsteps ...
-Reactive oxygen species: Cells that are environmentally stressed usually contain greatly increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). CellROX reagents are fluorogenic probes developed for the detection and quantitation of ROS in live cells. These cell-permeant reagents are non-fluorescent or very...
Mitochondria are present in virtually all eukaryotic cells and have essential roles in energy metabolism, various metabolic pathways and cell death. A legacy of the endosymbiotic origin of mitochondria is that they contain their own genome that encodes about 50 proteins in plants, and a variety of...
This chain reaction is thought to contribute to lipid peroxidation (16), DNA damage (17), and protein degradation (18) during oxidatively stressful events. Although all the intermediates are potentially reactive, the intermediates vary in their biological importance. The superoxide radical (O2–•)...
Dose-response of the Phagocytosis Inhibitor Cytochalasin D in RAW Cells Using pHrodo™ Green Zymosan Bioparticles®, and Effect of Fixation Dose-response of the Phagocytosis Inhibitor Cytochalasin D in MMM Cells Using pHrodo™ Green Zymosan Bioparticles®, and Effect of Fixation ...
HAD superfamily members in all organisms are quantitatively dominated by enzymes that catalyze phosphoryl transfer, and the vast majority (~80%) of them are phosphatases [[1], [2], [3]]. Humans contain at least 40 HAD-type phosphatases [4]. HAD phosphatases are structurally and ...
Where Can DNA be found? Nearly every cell in a person's body has the same DNA. Most DNA is located in the cell nucleus (where it is called nuclear DNA), but a small amount of DNA can also be found in the mitochondria (where it is called mitochondrial DNA or mtDNA). What is diffe...
Simultaneously, cells were incubated with far-red–fluorescent Qtracker® 655 nanocrystals, which contain a targeting peptide that directs their uptake into cytoplasmic vesicles. After 30 minutes at room temperature, cells were treated with the Organelle Lights™ enhancer and then incubated overnight...