In particular, using models of ordinary differential equations, we explore under what biological conditions direct and indirect transmission can be distinguished when given only time series for the prevalence of the pathogen within the host population (e.g., when direct measurements of environmental ...
The analysis of both spectra give insights into the underlying adsorbate–surface interactions, allowing to interpret the rich indirect information provided by the experimental spectra. It can be recalled that the time-independent simulation of spectra works directly in the frequency domain, thus ...
67 However, there are two problems with the use of a competition assay: 1) determination of the dissociation constant is indirect since displacement of the reporter is being measured, and 2) it is not known whether these probes have an effect on competitor ligand binding. For example, LdisP...
a Examples of dSPNs and iSPNs responding to reward. Trials were grouped according to trial outcome (rewarded vs. unrewarded). b, c Time course of the proportion of dSPNs (n = 77) and iSPNs (n = 75) with reward-related activity. Analysis included all SPNs (top), SPNs ...
This article, based on original data as well as on previously reported preclinical and clinical data that are reviewed, describes direct and indirect inter
Formal theoretical models propose that cooperative networks can be maintained when individuals condition behavior on social standing. Here, we empirically examine the predictions of such models of positive and negative indirect reciprocity using a suite
Indirect active and reactive powers control of doubly fed induction generator fed by three-level adaptive-network-based fuzzy inference system–pulse width modulation converter with a robust method based on super twisting algorithms. Electr. Eng. Electromechanics 2021, 4, 31–38. [Google Scholar] [...
Cocaine addiction is a significant problem worldwide. The development of addiction involves a reward system, which consists of certain brain regions like the ventral tegmental area, nucleus accumbens, and prefrontal cortex. Currently, there are no approv
It’s also possible to spread contact illnesses through indirect contact with an infected person’s items or environment. For example, GI illnesses can spread from person to person on objects like doorknobs or toilet handles. Examples of direct contact illnesses ...
Indirect transmission was studied by putting six 10-week-old salmonella negative pigs in each of four salmonella contaminated rooms. Each room had previously housed a group of pigs, excreting one of the four selected serotypes. All pigs were monitored for two weeks with respect to the faecal ...