In the hypohidrotic area, where pinpoint wheal occurs, it is hypothesized that released Ach cannot be completely trapped by cholinergic receptors of eccrine glands and overflows to the adjacent mast cells, leading to wheal formation. Thus, sweat allergy is not a requirement in this depressed ...
This strongly suggests that activity of an indirect septo-hippocampal pathway induces hippocampal theta oscillations via an intraseptal relay. Furthermore, cholinergic neurons depolarized parvalbumin-positive (PV) GABAergic neurons within the MSvDB , and optogenetic activation of these fast spiking neurons...
Nigrostriatal dopaminergic afferents stimulate D1 or D2 receptors of direct- and indirect-pathway MSNs. Striatal cholinergic interneurons interact with both dopaminergic terminals (by nicotinic [nAch] receptors) and MSNs (by muscarinic M4 receptors). Serotoninergic terminals of raphe nuclei neurons project...
was not found to have significant anti-atheromatous effects, although it did reduce hepatic triglyceride levels, suggesting an indirect mode of action [97]. DPP-4 inhibitors have also been shown to have anti-inflammatory actions. Recent studies have demonstrated direct suppression of aortic atheroscler...
Since its discovery (Sokoloff et al.1990), much progress has been accomplished toward understanding the physiological role of the dopamine D3receptor and defining the potential indications of pharmacological drugs specifically acting on this receptor. At the anatomical level, the brain regions where the...
In addition, cholinergic neurons recruit noncholinergic neurons within the MSDB. This indirect pathway is required for hippocampal theta synchronization. Activation of both pathways causes a reduction in pyramidal neuron firing and a more precise coupling to the theta oscillatory phase. These two ...
21 In addition to this, ketamine may function via secondary effects of enhanced peripheral monoaminergic transmission, inhibition of central and peripheral cholinergic transmission, and possibly, effects on voltage-gated calcium currents Animal analgesic studies suggest that ketamine reduces nociceptive ...
1.1.3Indirect actions of estrogen on cerebrovasculature cells of the intravascular compartment 1.1.3.1Platelets E2 also influences myogenic tone through the regulation of blood borne elements such as platelets, lipids and cytokines found within the intravascular compartment. Vasoactive factors stored and se...
cocaine, or morphine did not modify the action of pilocarpine, suggesting that noradrenergic neurones and ganglionic muscarinic sites were not involved.Smith et al. (1966)concluded that the site of action of pilocarpine was partly indirect, possibly via a central action and involving cho...
An indirect-acting agonist exerts its action by increasing the concentration of the endogenous compound (e.g., by affecting vesicular storage or release of a neurotransmitter) that then activates the receptor. The potency of an agonist in vitro is typically expressed as its KD or KI, estimated ...