In order to analyze the backscattering with different overlap area between the laser spot and the received field of view, an overlap factor F was introduced, which was defined as the ratio of the laser spot area captured in the received field of view to the total laser irradiation area. It...
where ρλ represents the TOA reflectance on the satellite image band wavelength, d is the Earth–sun distance, ESUNλ is the solar exoatmospheric irradiance, and θs is the solar zenith angle [38]. 𝜌𝑇𝑂𝐶=𝜌𝑇𝑂𝐴−𝜌𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑇(𝜇𝑠)𝑇(𝜇𝛾)𝑡𝑔1+...