PCM (Powertrain Control Module): The PCM is the central unit that combines both the ECM and TCM. It oversees and integrates the functions of both the engine and the transmission for optimal performance and efficiency. ECM (Engine Control Module): The ECM, or Engine Control Unit (ECU), is...
And when the ECM decides accelerated warmup is no longer needed, or more engine heat is needed for the cabin heater, it can open the selector valve, and then the coolant from the engine gets to participate in the bypass loop (still in competition with the flow coming around the back)....
Therefore, Shi [26] designed a correction model based on unknown nodes in which the unknown nodes use their own correction coefficients, and a dynamic weighted DV_Distance localization algorithm is proposed using the ratio of actual Euclidean distance to accumulated hop distance between anchor nodes....
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applied sciences Article Microwave Deicing Efficiency: Study on the Difference between Microwave Frequencies and Road Structure Materials Longting Ding 1,* , Xuancang Wang 1,*, Wengang Zhang 2 , Shuai Wang 1, Jing Zhao 1 and Yongquan Li 3 1 School of Highway, Chang'an University, Xi'an ...
crystals, including whether solvates and hydrates are included in the same definition: the FDA has defined co-crystals as "solids that are crystalline materials composed of two or more molecules in the same crystal lattice" with the interactions between them governed by "non-ionic interactions" [...
For the losing control problem, this paper presents a solution of indirectly controlling torque by controlling the angle difference between the power motor (PM) stator flux and the control motor (CM) stator flux (called as the flux-angle-difference). Firstly, based on the CM static coordinate ...