Chromosomes are found in all organisms with a cell nucleus (eukaryotes) and are located within the nucleus. Each chromosome contains a single extremely long DNA molecule that is packaged by various proteins into a compact domain. A full set, or complement, of chromosomes is carried by each ...
During metaphase, the cell's chromosomes align themselves in the middle of the cell through a type of cellular "tug of war." The chromosomes, which have been replicated and remain joined at a central point calledthe centromere, are called sister chromatids. In which phase of the cell cycle ...
The ongoing structural changes of chromosomes associated with CSI are also shown by the structural rearrangements of various chromosomes between the two cells [e.g., rearranged chromosomes containing parts of chromosomes 11, 10, and 15 are present in the karyotype of the cell in panel a, but ...
In the male, the X-chromosomes are heterochromatic and pair end-to-end in early meiotic prophase. At diakinesis, they disjoin and align side-by-side in the center of the spindle, forming a pseudotetrad. Anaphase I is equational for the sex chromosomes. At late anaphase or telophase, X ...
The karyotype of most birds has remained considerably stable during more than 100 million years’ evolution, except for some groups, such as parrots. The evolutionary processes and underlying genetic mechanism of chromosomal rearrangements in parrots, however, are poorly understood. Here, using chromoso...
Polyploidization presents an unusual challenge for species with sex chromosomes, as it can lead to complex combinations of sex chromosomes that disrupt reproductive development. This is particularly true for allopolyploidization between species with diff
While this plasmid does not align on the metaphase plate at cell division and does not yield very high stability through cell divisions (compared to HACs, for instance), it formed a functional mitotic kinetochore—the proteinaceous complex that forms at a mitotic centromere—and directed ...
Quality control analyses were performed on raw Illumina reads using FastQC to confirm the quality of the sequencing data (Table 2). Large percentages of uniquely mapped reads that align to exactly one location within the reference genome (> 98.9%) confirmed the high quality of the library ...
since for regions of high divergence, Trinity will assemble neo-X and neo-Y transcripts separately. Our pipeline only modifies parts of a transcript where the neo-X and neo-Y are similar enough for neo-X reads to align to the neo-Y, and highly diverged regions will not be modified by ...
Remarkably, despite the high turnover of microtubules throughout mitosis2, the spindle maintains its bipolar structure with the chromosomes at its center and two poles that are separated by the plane of cell division. This stereotypical arrangement is widely believed to mediate the forces between ...