momentum fluxvectorstensorsequation of continuityequation of motioncreeping flowstream functionStokes lawfriction factorpotential flowSummary In this chapter we discuss important variables, physical properties in fluid dynamics, fundamental balance in momentum transport, equation of motion, exact differentials, ...
We discuss Einstein's field equations in the presence of signature change using variational methods, obtaining a generalization of the Lanczos equation relating the distributional term in the stress tensor to the discontinuity of the extrinsic curvature. In particular, there is no distributional term in...
We live in a fast-changing world, which is why, in the 1990s, change management academics introduced complexity theory into the equation. They started to talk about dynamic or complex adaptive systems, and chaos thinking. The buzzwords were ‘participate’ and ‘renew’. Complexity theory focuses...
Sign in to download full-size image Fig. 20.3.U-series and measured δ18O data for Lehman Caves stalagmite LMC-23 show growth over the 201–208ka period during MIS 7. The age model is defined by the equation age=1539.6*ln(depth)+200,074. ...
On the basis of the numerical solution of the Boltzmann equation the Couette flow is investigated. The effect of the upper plate velocity on the value and position of the extremum of the dependence of the energy flux to the lower plate on the plate temperature ratio in the free-molecular reg...
In addition to flow equations it includes transport equation for scalars like temperature, moisture and passive pollutants Applied by Charles University, Prague 1.3 Case Studies 1.3.1 Projections of Climate Trends for Urban Areas in Central Europe Using WRF Joachim Fallmann, Stefan Emeis & Sven Wa...
The variation in the lake volume can be estimated by combining the lake area and water balance equation (Medina et al., 2010; Duan and Bastiaanssen, 2013; Zhang et al., 2018; Wang, 2020). The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) is the highest in the world and referred to as "the roof ...
a,b, Fractional changes in fast (>99th percentile) 200 hPa jet stream winds averaged over the extratropics (20–60° latitude) normalized by the global mean change in surface air temperature for each model versus thermal wind (a; equation (1)) and moist thermal wind (b; equation (2))...
The flux equation assumes that the turbulent diffusive flux is negligible and can be approximated by38Eq. (1): $$flux = \frac{1}{L}\mathop \smallint \limits_{0}^{\infty } \overline{u}_{z} (\overline{c}_{z,out} - \overline{c}_{z,in} ) dz$$ ...
The change of flux may be due to a change of flux density, as in (a), or to movement of the circuit so as to surround more or less flux, as in (b). In both cases Neumann's law applies: The induced e.m.f. is equal to the rate of change of flux-linkage. Thus if the ...