tumor cells preferentially convert glucose to lactate even when oxygen is sufficient, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. This metabolic shift facilitates rapid ATP generation and supplies intermediates fo
Because metabolite flux depends on nutrient supply and uptake along with biosynthetic needs, the true nature of energetics and its regulation is more complex even than the “spaghetti-gram” of a Boehringer pathway chart. In part for this reason, attention—here and conventionally (e.g., [2])...
Under this aspect, the concept of lysosomes as waste dumps within cells would be a misleading association and should be replaced by the idea of lysosomes as stomachs of the cell, that provide macromolecule constituents and ensure lipid homeostasis. 1.1. Endocytosis and autophagy Eukaryotic cells ...
Plant species vary significantly in their ability to accumulate anthocyanins in response to stress, influenced by genetic factors that regulate the biosynthetic pathways. These include the expression of enzymes like CHS, DFR, and F3′5′H, the biosynthetic pathways and their regulation by transcription...