It proposed that the hard bound on the intracellular macromolecule concentration (or equivalently the finite cell volume or the solvent capacity constraint) triggers the metabolic shift from full respiration to the overflow metabolism [45, 46]. This proposition is supported by the observed change in...
mitochondria are not only recognised as biosynthetic organelles but as important mediators in cell signalling pathways [1]. In the context of physiological processes such as pregnancy, the progress of placentation and foetal development require large amounts of energy...
structure of water. These water-macromolecule-osmolyte interactions lead to marked heterogeneity in water structure in biological solutions. For example, osmolytes—both small organic molecules and inorganic ions—can be either water-structure-makers or water-structure-breakers. The water-organizing characte...
tumor cells preferentially convert glucose to lactate even when oxygen is sufficient, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. This metabolic shift facilitates rapid ATP generation and supplies intermediates for biosynthetic pathways, thereby supporting cell growth, proliferation, and metastasis. While gluc...
issues unique to B1 and marginal zone B cells are omitted here. Successful BCR engagement and costimulation along with extrafollicular T cells help lead to increased cell mass and rounds of proliferative expansion that require large mTORC1-mediated increases in precursor uptake, macromolecule synthesis,...
(4). Glycolytic intermediates are diverted towards anabolic pathways for the biosynthesis of nucleotides, amino acids and lipids, thus increasing the synthesis of macromolecule building blocks (5). Glutamine uptake and metabolism are also frequently boosted in cancer cells. Glutamine catabolism provides ...
Under this aspect, the concept of lysosomes as waste dumps within cells would be a misleading association and should be replaced by the idea of lysosomes as stomachs of the cell, that provide macromolecule constituents and ensure lipid homeostasis. 1.1. Endocytosis and autophagy Eukaryotic cells ...
Negative regulation of macromolecule metabolic process, response to lead ion, negative regulation of membrane potential M2 MRPS23 FN1 TNG TGF-beta regulation of extracellular matrix, Oncostatin M, EGFR1 pathway Regulation of MAPK cascade, regulation of ERK1 and ERK2 cascade, negative regulation of ...
Pregnancy is a challenging physiological process that involves maternal adaptations to the increasing energetics demands imposed by the growing conceptus. Failure to adapt to these requirements may result in serious health complications for the mother and the baby. The mitochondria are biosynthetic and en...
Mechanistic Understanding the Bioeffects of Ultrasound-Driven Microbubbles to Enhance Macromolecule Delivery. J. Control Release 2018, 272, 169–181. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Paula, D.M.B.; Valero-Lapchik, V.B.; Paredes-Gamero, E.J.; Han, S.W. Therapeutic Ultrasound Promotes Plasmid ...