Although RIPK1 (receptor-interacting protein kinase 1)- and RIPK3–MLKL (mixed lineage kinase domain-like)-mediated necroptosis is the most understood form of regulated necrosis, other examples of this process are emerging, including cell death mechanisms known as parthanatos, oxytosis, ferroptosis...
Cell death pathwaysCaspase-mediatedParthanatosDuring the appearance of human immunodeficiency virus infection in the 1980 and the 1990s, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), a viral encephalitis induced by the JC virus, was the leading opportunistic brain infection. As a result of the use ...
Finally, the loss of neurons in the infarcted area will lead to the death of other, distant neurons that are connected to the former ones through a process known as “transneuronal degeneration” [7], because normal synaptic activity, through the activation of NMDARs, suppresses the activity ...
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common renal malignancies of the urinary system. Patient outcomes are relatively poor due to the lack of early diagnostic markers and resistance to existing treatment options. Programmed cell death, also known as apoptosis, is a highly ...
It is generally held that acute ischemic cell death in the ischemic core after permanent or a long period of ischemia is typical necrotic cell death, as manifested by a cascade of events of energy failure, breakdown of transmembrane ionic gradients, cell swollen, followed by the loss of cell ...
1.7. Other Modes of Cell Death Other forms of cell death such as NETosis, parthanatos, entotic cell death, and lysosome-dependent cell death have been described in the literature, which are not covered here due to the lack of robust data on these cell death subroutines in liver diseases [...
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is not sensitive to conventional radio- and chemotherapies and is at least partially resistant to impairments in cell death-related signaling pathways. The hallmarks of RCC formation include diverse signaling pathways, such as
cell death such as apoptosis (a normal part of growth and development) and necroptosis (generally cell death due to disease or injury). The first step down Parthanatos in Parkinson's disease is the accumulation of misfolded proteins in brain neurons. These proteins, known asalpha synuclein, ...
We review here the mechanisms of neuronal death by intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis, oncosis, necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, sarmoptosis, autophagic cell death, autosis, autolysis, paraptosis, pyroptosis, phagoptosis, and mitochondrial permeability transition. We next explore the mechanisms of ...
Death is the inevitable fate of all living organisms, whether at the individual or cellular level. For a long time, cell death was believed to be an undesirable but unavoidable final outcome of nonfunctioning cells, as inflammation was inevitably trigger