Britain had just begun to recover from defeat in the American War of Independence when its government faced a major war against the French Revolution. In this war the British army was soon driven out of the continent of Europe and had to rely on fighting France at sea and in the colonies...
The defense and enlargement of these French territories engaged the energies of successive English kings. In their need for money the kings stimulated the growth of English towns by selling them charters of liberties. Conflict between kings and nobles, which had begun under Richard I, came to a...
Influenced by the French Revolution of 1830 and the broad popular movement that was developing in Britain itself, there were increased efforts by the bourgeoisie to bring about an electoral reform. Numerous meetings and demonstrations took place, organized by the Birmingham Political Union (founded in...
XVIII. Liberation and Annexation: 1792–1793 424 XIX. The Survival of the Revolution in France 447 XX. Victories of the Counter-Revolution in Eastern Europe 473 XXI. The Batavian Republic 505 XXII. The French Directory: Mirage of the Moderates 530 XXIII. The French Directory between Ex...
Britain's War against the French Revolution 1793–1802 Although smaller and with fewer people than France, Britain's war effort was greatly aided by her strong economy, excellent financial institutions and ... HT Dickinson - 世界史研究:英文版 被引量: 1发表: 2016年 Post-war Letters to the ...
afrom the 1760s onwards India’s wealth “bought the national debt back from the Dutch and others … leaving Britain nearly free from overseas indebtedness when it came to face the great French wars from 1793.” 正在翻译,请等待...[translate]...
the French enemy threatened the post-1689 regime and the property relations it ushered in. In battle, too, guns were used and understood as instruments of terror. They were not aimed; soldiers loaded and fired in unison. It was through their “noise…smoke” and threat of “invisible death...
Aside from her continental warfare against Napoleon England was involved in 1813—’14 in a war with the United States. This had broken out in the summer of 18121) as a consequence of the European contest, evolving from controversies over the conditions of neutral trade and the belligerent righ...
Battle of Trafalgar – Nelson beats a combined French and Spanish fleet and establishes Great Britain as the premier naval power for the next 100 years. | 1807 Abolition of the Slave Trade (but not slavery itself). | 1811 Luddite Riots – textile machinery is sabotaged in Lancashire, Yorkshire...
throughout this period, especially Henri de Massue, Duke of Galaway and Jean Louis, First Baron Ligonier. Galway was defeated at the Battle of Almansa in 1707 by the French, led, ironically, by an Englishman. David Francis,The First Peninsular War 1702–1713(London: Ernest Benn, 1975), ...