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virology, parasitology, mycology, immunology, molecular biology, biochemistry, etc.) and different branches of biology with an aim to provide study notes to undergraduate and graduate students. This website is also useful for A-level biology, AP biology, IB biology, and other university-level biol...
Revision for AQA Biology AS and A Level Papers, including summary notes, worksheets and past exam questions for each topic.
A-level Biology(生物)位列罗素联盟“ facilitating subjects”,是一个很受大学欢迎的A-level科目,大学课程选择和职业选择面很广。大多数医学、生物、生物医学科科学、牙科、营养学、物理疗法、视觉矫正、兽医学课程,都需要A-level生物。 A-level生物通常也是其他一些课程要求的或者建议学习的科目,比如说生物化学、环境...
Exam Board: Edexcel Level: A level Subject: Science / Biology First teaching: September 2015 First exams: June 2017 An ActiveBook is included with every Student Book, giving your students easy online access to the content in the Student Book. They can make it their own with notes, highlights...
Women have a higher risk of developing osteoarthritis (OA) than men, including with obesity. To better understand this disparity, we investigated sex differences in metabolic and inflammatory factors associated with OA using a diet-induced mouse model of
Notes A Effects of 2-DG treatment on spleen size (right) and body weight (left) in mice. B Representative flow cytometry analysis of the relative abundance of Ter119+ cells in the spleen before and after 2-DG treatment (left). Quantitative data are presented on the right. C Representative...
Differentiating dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) into odontoblasts is a critical process for tooth self-repair and dentine‒pulp engineering strategies in the clinic. However, the mechanism underlying the regulation of DPSC odontoblastic differentiation
2b). Notably, the heatmap of fatty acid metabolic genes in the PNT process indicates a progressive increase (Fig. 2c). Cpt1a is the rate-limiting enzyme in transporting activated medium and long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for β-oxidation, and its expression level directly impacts ...
1, we observed a transient elevation in the proportion of Tfh cells after the initial administration of NP-CGG (Fig. 2a, b, Supplementary Fig. 5a). However, ICOS-expressing Tfh cells were consistently reduced in FoxP3GFP/DTRCD4Cre/+Bob1fl/fl mice (Fig. 2c). The low expression level ...