First, introduce a continuous density ρe to connect the specific parameters of two materials: 0≤ρe≤1, and then add penalization on intermediate density to let the optimized object converge to discrete structure, because the intermediate density has no practical meaning in physics. For example,...
Technically, the Kullback–Leibler (KL) divergence is used in our research to define the first loss of LKL, and the Cross-Entropy (CE) is used to define the second loss of LCE. Before writing the LKD in detail, we first define the softmax output of a deep neural network as (5.12)p...
where\(\varphi\)is the size ratio of the two species of NPs,\(\epsilon\)is the relative strength of interparticle interaction\({\varepsilon }_{11}\)to surface tension,\(\chi\)is the ratio of the difference in the surface energy of NP 1 with the two fluids to the surface tension be...
In a system with finite precision, the two values are bound to converge; and we will lose all information about the sequence from the point at which the two values converged. To avoid this situation, we need to rescale the interval. However, we have to do it in a way that will ...
The wave direction is diverted if the wave ray is abnormal to the bottom measurement. It is noted that the wave rays converge in shallow areas and diverge in deep areas [28]. In this algorithm, when the waves whose heights reach to zero, the refraction operator is applied on those waves...
Assembly theory (AT) [1,2,3,4,5,6,7] provides a distinctive complexity measure superior to established complexity measures used in information theory, such as Shannon entropy or Kolmogorov complexity [1,5]. AT does not alter the fundamental laws of physics [6]. Instead, it redefines objects...
1. Introduction The purpose of binary code similarity detection is to detect the similarity of two code gadgets using only binary executable files. Binary code similarity detection has a wide range of applications, such as bug searching [1,2], clone detection [3,4,5], malware clustering [6,...
For more information, please refer to https://www.mdpi.com/openaccess. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature Paper should be a substantial original Article that involves several techniques or approaches, provides an ...
The information enhanced estimator (IEE) is proposed to help maximize the information entropy of weights and minimize the quantization error to reduce the information loss. In the forward process, the information-enhanced binary convolution (IE-BC) has been proposed to improve the representational ...
The curves are calculated as usual by varying the threshold from 0 to 1 and computing the sensitivity (or true positive rate) and specificity (or one minus false positive rate) (this is slightly different from the common approach of drawing ROC curves as a function of the true positive rate...