of arthrogryposis is thought to be a result of fetal akinesia, with a direct correlation between onset of decreased fetal movement and contracture severity. This decrease in movement has been postulated to cause an increase in connective tissue around joints, disuse of muscles around the joint, ...
The advantages of an upright position during labor are presented, with historic, physiologic, and psychosocial aspects discussed. The influences of modern obstetric practices such as electronic fetal monitoring and anesthesia practices are discussed with findings related to the use of upright positions ...