Two major pathways connect the cerebral cortex to the basal ganglia output nuclei: the entopeduncular nucleus (EP, homologous to the internal segment of the pallidum of the primate); and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr)(Fig. 1). The output nuclei are referred to as EP/SNr in ...
In this chapter, we present some recent results on the organization of basal ganglia 'loops' with cortical areas in the frontal lobe. Our findings suggest that the primary motor cortex (M1), the supplementary motor area (SMA) and the ventral premotor area (PMv) each project most densely to...
摘要: In this article, the authors summarize results from imaging studies, analyzing the functional anatomy of motor sequence learning and timing. Emphasis is on the relationship between the cortical motor areas, the basal ganglia, and the cerebellum....
The striatum is the main input unit of the basal ganglia. It receives excitatory glutamatergic inputs from the cerebral cortex, whose synapsing pattern reflects the topography of the cortex. This means that the caudal parts of the cortex project to the caudal part of the striatum, while the ...
AdirectGABAergicoutputfromthebasalgangliato frontalcortex ArpiarSaunders 1 ,IanA.Oldenburg 1 ,VladimirK.Berezovskii 1 ,CarolineA.Johnson 1 ,NathanD.Kingery 2 ,HunterL.Elliott 3 , TiaoXie 3 ,CharlesR.Gerfen 4 &BernardoL.Sabatini 1 Thebasalgangliaarephylogeneticallyconservedsubcorticalnuclei necessary...
Which structure receives input from the hypothalamus and basal ganglia and sends axons that release acetylcholine to widespread areas in the cerebral cortex? A. Spinal cord B. Nucleus basalis C. Reticular formation D. Amygdala What are gland cells?
The primate basal ganglia receives information from most of the cerebrum, including the frontal cortex, but projects (via the dorsal thalamus) primarily to the frontal lobe, perhaps in its entirety. As such, the frontal cortex and basal ganglia constitute an integrated, distributed neuronal architect...
We used retrograde transneuronal transport of herpes simplex virustype 1 to map the origin of cerebellar and basal ganglia projections to leg, arm, and face areas of the primary motor cortex (M1). Four to five days after virus injections into M1, weobserved many densely labeled neurons in lo...
Both basal ganglia (BG) and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) have been widely implicated in social and non-social decision-making. However, unlike OFC damage, BG pathology is not typically associated with disturbances in social functioning. Here we studied the behavior of patients with focal lesions to...
The basal ganglia constitute a forebrain system associated with affecting motor and other behaviors that involve the cerebral cortex. The principal input nucleus is the striatum, which receives excitatory projections from the cerebral cortex and the intralaminar thalamus as well as neuromodulatory input ...