Gordis L: From association to causation: driviing inferences from epidemiologic studies. In Epidemiology. 4th edition. Edited by Gordis L. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier; 2009:234-236.Gordis L. Chapter 14. From Association to Causation: Deriving Inferences from Epidemiologic Studies. Epidemiology...
psoriatic arthritis Association to causation: a case study in the clinical epidemiology of psoriatic arthritisAssociation to causation: a case study in the clinical epidemiology of psoriatic arthritisO'Keefe AG Farewell, VT
MA Hernan,JM Robins - 《Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health》 被引量: 558发表: 2006年 Estimating causal effects from epidemiological data In ideal randomised experiments, association is causation: association measures can be interpreted as effect measures because randomisation ensures that th......
The author discusses association, causation and the prevention of subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). He discusses a study conducted by Kim and colleagues from... I Awad - 《Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery & Psychiatry》 被引量: 0发表: 2012年 Causes of death in X chromatin positive males (Klinef...
鈥楳endelian randomization鈥 can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease? The association between a disease and a polymorphism that mimics the biological link between a proposed exposure and disease is not generally susceptible to the reverse causation or confoun...
Sensitivity analysis was performed to reduce reverse causation bias by excluding individuals with follow-up less than 10 years. Results Among 67 688 participants (34 968 [51.7%] women; age range, 25 to 74 years; mean [SD] age, 45.4 years), 7935 received a diagnosis of dementia over ...
Epidemiology and Population Health Evidence for a causal association between milk intake and cardiometabolic disease outcomes using a two-sample Mendelian Randomization analysis in up to 1,904,220 individualsKarani Santhanakrishnan Vimaleswaran, Ang Zhou, Alana Cavadino & Elina Hyppönen International ...
They then take this association and in the abstract and conclusion seek to imply causation. Hence, the findings could mislead frontline clinicians and public policymakers alike. The key limitation is that the study did not control for comorbid psychiatric illness, the greatest single predictor of ...
Limitations still existed despite the MR design being less susceptible to bias from confounding factors and reverse causation than observational studies. First, potential pleiotropy could not be ruled out, but it was unlikely to change the conclusion in a clinically meaningful way. Second, population ...
http://www.ohri.ca/programs/clinical_epidemiology/oxford.asp 37. Borenstein M, Hedges LV, Higgins JP, Rothstein HR. Introduction to Meta-analysis. John Wiley & Sons; 2011. 38. Viechtbauer W. Conducting meta-analyses in R with the metafor package. J Stat ...