16. In certain plasmids, these genes are expressed early on entry into the recipient cell17,18,19, preceding the conversion of the entering single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) into double-stranded DNA (dsDNA)20. The regulation of some of these genes involves unique promoters...
The SEG1 element: a new DNA region promoting stable mitotic segregation of plasmids in the zygomycete Absidia glauca The inserted regions in both plasmids are essentially identical and do not represent repetitive DNA. Compared with other autonomously replicating vectors, these... A Burmester,A Wös...
Plasmids are major drivers of gene mobilization by means of horizontal gene transfer and play a key role in spreading antimicrobial resistance among pathogens. Despite various bacterial defence mechanisms such as CRISPR鈥揅as, restriction鈥搈odification systems and SOS-response genes that prevent the ...
abortive lytic replication that leads to the secretion of angiogenic, inflammatory and proliferative factors that act in a paracrine manner on latently infected cells to enhance tumorigenesis25. Lytic replication also sustains KSHV episomes in latently-infected cells that would otherwise be lost during ce...
Most plasmids are double-stranded DNA molecules but some consist of single-straned DNA or RNA. Plasmids are vehicles of horizontal gene transfer. Toxin-antitoxin (TA) system A toxin-antitoxin system is a closely co-regulated system of two genes, one of which encodes a stable “poison” protei...
- Plasmids are small, circular, double-stranded DNA molecules found in bacteria. They are not proteins and do not fit the description in the question. - Conclusion: This option is incorrect. - Option 2: Phages - Phages, or bacteriophages, are viruses that infect bacteria. They are not ...
For this, pHR-based lentiviral plasmids containing these transgenes were transfected into HEK293T cells together with pMD2G and psPAX2 helper plasmids using Fugene (Promega). After 2 d, viral supernatant was passaged over a 0.45 μm filter to remove cellular debris and polybrene (2 ...
Why does a single cell require hundreds of protein kinases? Why does DNA methylation occur? Why doesn't RNA form a double helix? Why doesn't RNA have an anti-codon? What are small ribosomal RNA sequences used for and why? Do eukaryotes have single-stranded DNA?
Introduction R-loops, formed by a DNA−RNA hybrid and the displaced single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), are a natural source of genome instability1,2,3. Numerous factors have emerged that protect cells from harmful R-loops. They can regulate R-loop levels by preventing their formation, a paradigma...
Jakobs for the unreserved provision of Cox8a-SNAP cell lines and plasmids. We also thank M. Colomer and M. Martinez for their contribution to assessing MRG distribution. We are grateful to C. Sieben, K. Douglass, T. Kleele, J. Griffié and all members of the Manley and Martinou groups...