20. ESM-1b and ESM-1v were trained on UniRef50 and UniRef90, respectively, which are protein sequence datasets that represent variation across millions of observed natural proteins (UniRef90 contains ~98 million total sequences) and that include...
In their natural form, antibodies are always in an “on-state” and are capable of binding to their targets. This leads to undesirable interactions in a wide range of therapeutic, analytical, and synthetic applications. Modulating binding kinetics of antibodies to turn them from an “off-state”...
To further study the role of MuSK at the NMJ, a range of MuSK-specific antibodies were generated (a summary of these antibodies and the main study conclusions are given in Table S1). The majority of antibodies were raised using different domains of rat MuSK in rabbits or goats [[7], [...
In order to properly characterize the structure and function of proteins, as well as the interactions between them, it is generally necessary to purify the protein of interest.Continue Reading... Secondary Antibody While primary antibodies are bind directly to the protein of interest, secondary antib...
Protein particles are assemblies built up of native and/or denatured proteins [1] that generally have a negative impact on manufacturability, stability, safety, titers, immunogenicity, and solubility of biologics in general [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. Here, we investigate the impact ofβ-...
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Therapeutic antibodies are instrumental in improving the treatment outcome for certain disease conditions. However, to enhance their efficacy and specificity, many efforts are continuously made. One of the approaches that are increasingly explored in this field are pH-responsive antibodies capable of bindi...
If no cells are stained or only a weak, barely perceptible membrane staining is present, the status is referred to as HER2 negative (score 0 and 1+). Score 2+, means an equivocal status, applies if a weak to moderate complete membrane staining can be observed in more than 10% of tumor...
A central challenge of immunology is the grouping of antibodies by function. Ideally, antibodies in such groups would share both an epitope and complementary paratopes dictated by their protein sequences. In practice, small numbers of antibodies are assayed in vitro–for example, for functional act...
mothers had no history of receiving penicillin or its derivatives during pregnancy leads one to speculate that penicillin may be a pollutant of the food we eat and drink. However, the possibility that antibodies cross-reacting with penicillin are present in fetuses must be taken into consideration,...