Even less-related individuals with less genetic identity than those shared by parent and offspring benefit from seemingly altruistic behavior. The activities of social insects such as bees, wasps, ants, and termites are good examples. Sterile workers in these societies take care of the queen because...
This behavior is still not necessarily altruistic, as the “giving” behavior of the actor is based on the expectation that it will be the “receiver” of the behavior in the future, termed reciprocal altruism. Reciprocal altruism requires that individuals repeatedly encounter each other, often the...
It also uncovers a larger question: Why would our brains respond to altruistic behavior the same way it rewards us for carrying out survival behaviors, like eating or procreation? Altruism can put us in danger, like when a person pushes another from in front of a bus or comes to the aid...
7. Hamilton WD: The evolution of altruistic behavior. Am Nat 1963, 97(896):354-356. 8. Maynard-Smith J: Group selection and kin selection. Nature 1964, 201(4924):1145-1147. 9. Pasteels JM, Grégoire JC, Rowell-Rahier M: The chemical ecology of defense in arthropods. Annu Rev ...
The Behavior of Animals: Mechanisms, function, and evolution. Edited by: Bolhuis JJ, Giraldeau L-A. 2005, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 315-341. Google Scholar Gross P: Insect behavioral and morphological defenses against parasitoids. Annu Rev Entomol. 1993, 38: 251-273. 10.1146/annu...
Source: OpenStax (2019). Behavioral biology: Proximate and ultimate causes of behavior. Reading Paragraph 1 Behaviors that lower the fitness of the individual but increase the fitness of another individual are termed altruistic. Examples of such behaviors are seen widely across the animal kingdom. ...
Predicting future blood donor returns: Past behavior, intentions, and observer effects. Health Psychol. 2002, 21, 513. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] Evans, R.; Ferguson, E. Defining and measuring blood donor altruism: A theoretical approach from biology, economics and psychology. Vox Sang. 2014...
Given this behavior of wage schedules with respect to the degree of morality, a natural question to be asked is whether the principal is better off with highly moral agents or not. The answer is unconditional and presented in the following result. Corollary 2. The principal’s expected profit...
The Behavior of Animals: Mechanisms, function, and evolution. Edited by: Bolhuis JJ, Giraldeau L-A. 2005, Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 315-341. Google Scholar Gross P: Insect behavioral and morphological defenses against parasitoids. Annu Rev Entomol. 1993, 38: 251-273. 10.1146/annu...