Briefly, the bacterial cells were grown overnight in LB medium, then 1:100 diluted in sterilized LB and grown to an OD600 of 0.5–0.6. The cells were then centrifuged and washed in 1 × volume of cold Milli-Q water, 0.5 × volume of cold Milli-Q water, 0.05 × volume of 10% cold...