The discussion on sex chromosome and X-linked disorders is combined in one chapter because cytogenetic techniques used in diagnosis are common to both. The relatively few sex chromosome disorders occur commonly (see below) but are mostly not associated with fatality or severe mental retardation. In ...
difference between males and females that may make an important contribution to GMV is the different pattern of activation of X chromosomes across cells in females (mosaic inactivation of one the two X chromosomes across cells) vs males (consistent activation of a single X chromosome in all cells...
X Chromosome Inactivation refers to the process in females where one copy of the X chromosome is silenced to ensure balanced gene expression levels between male and female cells, known as dosage compensation. This silencing is regulated by the long non-coding RNA Xist and can occur on either th...
cells. Thus, whereas Xist RNA can inactivate the X chromosome in females it may not do so in males. We further found comparable silencing in differentiating XΔTsixY and 39,XΔTsix (XΔTsixO) ESCs, excluding the Y chromosome and instead implicating the X-chromosome dose as the source of...
X-chromosome inactivation is the genetic mechanism by which X-linked gene expression is equalized between the male and female genders of all placental mammal species. Given that the probability of mutant X-linked allele expression decreases as a result of the inactivation, it has been proposed ...
X-chromosome inactivation is the transcriptional silencing of one X chromosome in female mammalian cells that equalizes dosage of gene products from the X chromosome between XX females and XY males [1–3]. X-chromosome inactivation in the embryo proper occurs early in development. The two X ...
Europeans (CEU) and Yorubans (YRI). By replicated detection of heterozygosis in the transcriptome we identified 114 escaping genes, including 76 not previously known to be escapees. The newly described escape genes cluster on the X chromosome in the same chromosomal regions as the previously ...
X gene dosage is then equalized between the sexes through the process of X chromosome inactivation (XCI). Whether the double dose of X-linked genes in females compared with males leads to sex-specific developmental differences has remained unclear. Using embryonic stem cells with distinct sex ...
In response to various immune challenges, females show better survival than males; the X chromosome has an important role in this immunological advantage. X chromosome-linked diseases are usually restricted to males, who have only one copy of the X chromosome; however, females are more prone to...
020-00256-1 Molecular Medicine REVIEW Open Access Escape from X chromosome inactivation and female bias of autoimmune diseases Mohammad Javad Mousavi1,2, Mahdi Mahmoudi3* and Somayeh Ghotloo4* Abstract Generally, autoimmune diseases are more prevalent in females than males....