Afterwards, the plants were divided into two groups, of similar average height. One group was fertilized with 120 ml 5 mM NH4NO3 (HN); the other group received the same amount of tap water (LN). Both groups were irrigated twice a week for 1.5 months. At the harvest, the height and ...
Materials PLA 4032D, extrusion grade, was purchased from Nature Works, with a weight average molecular weight of 1.72 × 106. The density of PLA is 1.25 g cm−3, and the melt point is 165 ◦C. PLA was pre-dried at 50 ◦C for 12 h to remove water. Wood fiber (the average ...
In contrast, the global average fuelwood price in the SSP5 scenario—a fossil-fuel-domi- nated world—is expected to decline over time. Driven in large part though declining de- mand for fuelwood as a sustainable energy source, the price level throughout the simu11lao-f 25 tion is the...
The panel generally has a density of 650−700 kg/m3 and the average amount of resin solids in the board core section is of between 6% and 12% on dry wood (although lower and much higher percentages are also sometimes used). Panels of the same type but composed of wood chips of ...
Size Exclusion Chromatography The weight average molecular weights (Mw) of lignin were measured using size exclusion chromatography (SEC) on a Shimadzu UFLC chromatograph (Kyoto, Japan) equipped with a RI refractive index detector and a PolarGel-M column (300 mm × 7.5 mm). The eluent was DMF...
Time for repetition of pulse sequence was typically 1 s, and 1024 averages were acquired per spectrum. A signal from the probe with empty NMR tube was small. It was routinely subtracted from the total signal in the experiment. After measurements wood samples were kept in the fridge (5 ◦...
Heat-treated spruce wood whether coated or uncoated, on average (36.1) had much lower color change than untreated-wood samples (63.3). Table 3 shows the two-way ANOVA result of maximum color change data. Although not statistically significant, coating number 5, which was a transparent coating,...
(4) modification with an aqueous solution of low molecular weight phenol formaldehyde (PF) resin (12% v/v) on its own or containing the HALS, Lignostab® 1198 (2% w/w) (BASF, Ludwigshafen, Germany) or PEG 1000 (10% v/v); (5) brush treatment with the UV absorber (UVA), ...
FRP sandwich structures are composed of FRP face sheets and lightweight core materials, such as foam, honeycomb, and lightweight woods. The axial compressive behaviours of FRP sandwich structures have been investigated in a large number of experimental and theoretical studies [18–20]. For example...
The average irradiance was 0.70 W/m2 at 340 nm wavelength. The test lamp was calibrated every 400 h of irradiation and the inner filter of the test lamp was changed simultaneously. 2.5. Color Measurement The surface color of weathered and non-weathered WPC composite samples was measured with ...