The process of macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy), is generally characterized by the prominent formation of autophagic vesicles in the cytoplasm. In the past decades, studies of autophagy have been vastly expanded. As an essential proces
Aeration is done by a silicone rubber membrane inside the vessel. The system was tested using hamster kidney fibroblasts, and cell densities of 107 cells/ml were reached (Schwarz et al. 1992). Furthermore, bioreactors were also developed for the purpose of nutrient recycling, meaning the ...
When a new pathogenic appears, discovering the source is important. Where possible, the source must be identified and isolated to prevent additional variants of the pathogen from crossing into humans. Finding the source is also helpful in understanding the dynamics of the virus, which can help sha...