Emulsification, breaking up fat globules into much smaller emulsion droplets,greatly helps digestion. Also, a substance called bile is produced by your liver, which is secreted into the small intestine. It breaks up the fat in an emulsification cycle that effectively makes the fats water-soluble. ...
Ivanowski is given credit for the first documented conclusion of an unusually small infectious or toxic entity responsible for the symptoms of tobacco, reported already in 1892 [31,33,36]. However, his strong belief in a microbial origin, strengthened by agar diffusion tests of infectious plant ...
Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs) are the most potent protein toxins among bacterial, animal, plant and chemical poisonous substances so far known, with a lethal parenteral dose for BoNT type A of about 0.2–0.3 ng/kg in mice and 1 ng/kg in human [1,2]. A small amount of 30 ng is suffi...
This is a unique mode of evolution of a toxic compound, the high potency of which results from multiple steps driven by unknown selection pressure, targeting one of the most critical physiological process of higher organisms. Keywords: botulinum neurotoxins; Clostridium botulinum; botulism; neuro...