Truman, who would settle for nothing less than full desegregation, forced Royall into retirement after he refused to comply with the order. It took six years to desegregate America’s armed forces. In late 1954, the deactivation of the 94th Engineer Battalion, the Army’s last all-Black un...
Two Shades of Brown: The Failure of Desegregation in America; Why It Is Irremediable (and a Modest Proposal)SegregationRacial SegregationEducationBrown IBrown IIFourteenth AmendmentSCOTUSSupreme CourtThis article argues that since Brown I in 1954, the Supreme Court's decisions made the current ...
But these phenomena are rooted in something deeper, Rothstein suggests: a powerful legacy of deliberate government action that has still not been remedied. Much of what we call de facto segregation, he argues, is the result of “a century of social engineering on the part of federal, state a...
Martin Luther King, Jr., is acivil rights legend. In the mid-1950s, Dr. King led the movement to end segregation and counter prejudice in the United States through the means of peaceful protest. His speeches—some of the most iconic of the 20th century—had a profound effect on the nat...
Why do informal markets resist formalizing, even when the gains of doing so outweigh its costs in the long run? While a number of responses to this questio
Jim Crow laws encouraged segregation in restaurants and schools, black people were banned from living in certain parts of the city, they weren’t allowed to vote and were subject to regular lynchings. In the context of this conversation, they were also banned from a lot of National Parks. ...
However, in some situations, I feel like I am being treated like a mascot.” (Dutch man) "Actually, it’s annoying when many Japanese people show me a product and ask ‘Is this product available America too?’ I have to tell them I’m not American.” (Danish man)...
Thus, they did not on the whole evidence major gaps in the extent of their knowledge regarding HIV treatment. Notably, this stance on the importance of HIV medication commonly co-occurred with fears and concerns about the medications’ side effects and with distrust of HIV medications. Thus, ...
Early in Bill Clinton's presidential term, novelist Toni Morrison dubbed him America's "first black President." She largely had in mind Clinton's personal style rather than his policy priorities, yet those priorities — many of which progressives now vehemently reject — did reflect so...
These were, in the end, only ways of saying what she wasn’t, that she wasn’t dull. Weeks later, with someone who knew her as well as I did, and with no idea of what I could possibly begin to say, a provisional apophatic eulogy was drafted, going something like this: Anna Reine...