The influence of white-tailed deer [Odocoileus virginianus] on the physical environment and vegetation of their winter range was studied in northern Wisconsin. A description of the development and use of an objective method of measuring the intensity of winter deer activity in White Cedar swamps is...
Table 1. White-tailed deer cast antler pair metrics, combined across age groups that, indicate availability relative to casting (Pre/Post-Cast), metric description, and metric abbreviation. Average (Mean) relative fluctuating asymmetry (Mean RFA), standard error (SE), and sample size (N). Metr...
The presence of electric fence wires along the stream corridor may have equally reduced herbivory by the white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.), which has become a serious problem for hardwood and white pine regeneration regionally [76]. Also, the species selected a linear least-square ...