The gut microbiota is necessary and sufficient for the effects of metformin on cognitive function.aThe escape latency in the Abx and metformin-treated (Abx + Met) group was not different from that of the Abx-treated and control groups during the acquisition phase.bLatency to first reaching ...
Colonization is a process with two components: invasion and survival. The rate at which a site is colonized by plants depends on both the rate at which individual organisms (seeds, spores, immature or mature individuals) arrive at the site and their success at becoming established and surviving...
the bases found in DNA and RNA, which are the long molecules that organisms use to encode and transter the information specifying which amino acids they place in a given protein and in what order.thus the key molecules from which life evolved were created in the atmosphere of the e[...
That’s 99.99 per cent of all eukaryotic life – meaning organisms that have cells with a nucleus, so all animals and plants, and everything but the simplest life forms. We don’t know for sure when sex evolved but it could have been as much as 2 billion years ago, and certainly more...
Protein N-glycosylation (PNG) is crucial for protein folding and enzymatic activities, and has remarkable diversity among eukaryotic species. Little is known of how unique PNG mechanisms arose and evolved in eukaryotes. Here we demonstrate a picture of o
A. The movement brought populations of certain fishes and marine organisms into contact with one another for the first time. B. The movement transferred populations of fishes and other marine animals between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.
YGL8 protein may have evolved from cyanobacterial UMP kinase and regulate the UMP/UMP/UTP level in chloroplasts It is generally accepted that all chloroplasts are derived from a single cyanobacterial ancestor via the process of endosymbiosis [21]. During evolution, almost all cyanobacterial genes reta...
In the face of this onslaught, living things have evolved a variety of defense mechanisms for protecting their bodies from invasion by other organisms. Certain fungi and even some kinds of bacteria secrete substances known as antibiotics into their external environment. These substances are capable ...
The origins of viruses in the evolutionary history of life are unclear: some may have evolved from plasmids—pieces of DNA that can move between cells—while others may have evolved from bacteria. In evolution, viruses are an important means of horizontal gene transfer, which increases genetic ...
, which first appeared in 1798. This book introduced Malthus's ___ that population inescapably outgrows subsistence (生活资料), and that this difference between population size and the ___ to adequately meet the ___ subsistence needs