In this chapter, we review mechanisms by which synonymous codon variations influence gene expression at the mRNA or protein levels. These changes may alter the structure and function of the encoded proteins, leading to diseases, altered disease phenotype, or interfering with protein-drug interactions....
One such example is provided by the presence of two regions within the Neh6 domain of Nrf2 (in mouse Nrf2, these are residues 329–339 and 363–379) that support turnover of the CNC-bZIP protein even when Keap1 is inactivated.24 It has also been found that glycogen synthase kinase-3 ...
If correct the function of RFH would partially overlap with that of tmRNA, but it would not have the tmRNA feature of ensuring the addi- tion of a C-terminal tag, which is the substrate for a spe- cific protease that rapidly degrades the product. The co-occurrence of RFH and the ...
Translation initiation requires a set of (eukaryotic) initiation factors (eIFs) which are involved in the process of binding the ribosome to the mRNA and locating the correct start codon (reviewed in [7]). The initiator methionyl-tRNA (Met-tRNAi) is brought to the ribosome by initiation ...
All living organisms exist in an environment teeming with harmful microbes, which they can become exposed to through contact, ingestion or inhalation1. An important part of the host defence mechanisms that protect against these pathogens are antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). ...
The correct replacement of the target gene by the KANMX4 cassette in each deletion strain was confirmed by PCR amplification. All the deletant strains have normal growth phenotype. mRNA preparation, cDNA synthesis and hybridization For each experiment, freshly grown yeast cells were inoculated into ...
Disruption of any of the genes encoding Nup84p, Nup85p, or Nup120p caused defects in nuclear membrane and nuclear pore complex organization, as well as in poly(A)+ RNA transport. Thus, the Nup84p complex in conjunction with Sec13-type proteins is required for correct nuclear pore ...
In these last two decades , fluorescent proteins (FPs) have become highly valued imaging tools for cell biology, owing to their compatibility with living samples, their low levels of invasiveness and the possibility to specifically fuse them to a variety of proteins of interest. Remarkably, the ...
Each of these subfamilies of modifiers uses their private E1, E2 and E3 enzymes to ensure that a unique modifier is specifi- cally transferred through the respective private E2 and E3 enzymes onto the correct target substrate8,9. This elaborate specificity allows separate regulation of conjugation...
Oil spills on surface waters are characterized by the release of hydro- carbons in the form of a thin film, mainly constituted by light, water-soluble hydrocarbons4. Eventually, these compounds dissolve in the water column or remain trapped within immiscible oil components, which become emulsified...