For other taxonomic groups, late successional stages resulting from long-term abandonment have a negative effect on butterfly species richness and abundance [55], although shrub patches in dehesas are unlikely to harm butterfly fauna provided open herb-rich areas are maintained [30]. The effect ...
(2) Social welfare SW = Π M + C S − Ε [15]. Substituting the optimal value into the equation, the social welfare is derived in each model. Observation 8. When ( 1 − ρ ) c e r ≥ s r , S W C > S W S > S W N ; conversely, when ( 1 − ρ ) c e r <...