3.1. Regulation, Synthesis and Secretion 3.1.1. Pineal Melatonin Tryptophan is the first precursor of melatonin in vertebrates and is hydroxylated by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, becoming 5-hydroxytryptophan. The second step consists of decarboxylation, which transform 5-hydr...
Prolyl-3-hydroxylase converts prolines in the sequence Hyp-Pro-Gly to 3-hydroxyproline. The above hydroxylation reactions require Fe2+, ascorbic acid (vitamin C), oxygen, and α-ketoglutarate in the chemical reaction that is described below in equation (1). AA or IA residue+ascorbic acid+...
Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has a
metabolites, and second messengers (Fig.1) [49]. There are numerous different isoforms for both connexins and pannexins, and many have cellular and tissue specificity. In the PNS, the major connexins are connexin 32 (Cx32) and Cx26. Pannexin 1 (Panx1) is the primary pannexin expressed...
[45,46]. GRA occurs as the result of the fusion of the promoter region of theCYP11B1gene, encoding 11β-hydroxylase (catalyzes the conversion of 11-deoxycortisol to cortisol), withCYP11B2, that encodes aldosterone synthase (converts deoxycorticosterone to corticosterone and 18-hydroxycorticosterone...
3.1.1. Pineal Melatonin Tryptophan is the first precursor of melatonin in vertebrates and is hydroxylated by the enzyme tryptophan hydroxylase, becoming 5-hydroxytryptophan. The second step consists of decarboxylation, which transform 5-hydroxytryptophan into serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine). Then, two key...