CD22 is a sialic acid adhesin family member which regulates B-cell activation [39] (Fig.2). It is expressed only in B cell lineages except for plasma cells in normal tissues. It is expressed in most B lymphoma cells and has become a popular therapeutic target for the disease. In a pha...
T-cells may be activated to proliferate and differentiate, but if they should be of the Treg type (regulatory T-cells), they will produce immunosuppressive cytokines and thus promote tolerance. Adaptive immune responses can develop in three directions, of which the “default” is tolerance. Type...
This is partly because the protein that enables SARS−COV-2 entry into the cell, angiotensin−COnverting enzyme 2 (ACE 2), is widely distributed in the testis, including spermatogonia, the Leydig and Sertoli cells. Hikemet et al., reported that amongst over 150 investigated cell types, ...
The best way to do this is by eating healthy during the rest of the week, and when the day of the party arrives, make sure to get a strenuous workout in right before the party. This makes muscle tissue more sensitive to the hormone insulin, while simultaneously making fat cells less se...
NK cells are one of the first barriers against viral infections. Their different methods to detect and annihilate the infected cells have been discussed previously. Conversely, viruses have evolved to develop different mechanisms to evade the NK cell response (summary in Fig.1and with more details...
T-cells may be activated to proliferate and differentiate, but if they should be of the Treg type (regulatory T-cells), they will produce immunosuppressive cytokines and thus promote tolerance. Adaptive immune responses can develop in three directions, of which the “default” is tolerance. Type...
The desmoplastic reaction creates a dense stroma and functions as a mechanical barrier around tumor cells, blocking vascularization and immune cell infiltration in the tumor, whilst limiting the active chemotherapeutics that may reach the pancreatic tumor cells [33]. As such, the pancreatic cancer TME...
In human lymphocytes, great amounts of melatonin have been found, with values up to five times greater than the values of plasma concentrations at night [66,67]. In these cells, local melatonin production has been related to the intra-, auto-, and paracrine regulation ...
A recent publication even suggested that the functional variants responsible for GWAS signals in many genes mainly drive gene expression in myeloid cells (and thus potentially in microglia) [58•]. It is necessary to bear in mind that this was a hypothesis-driven study based on a human ...
Although α-synuclein is mainly expressed by neuronal cells as a cytoplasmic protein in its native form or in aggregated pathological (oligomeric, phosphorylated) forms (Abd-Elhadi et al. 2016), because it also has access to the extracellular space it can be detected in cerebrospinal fluid (...