These transmembrane proteins are members of the superfamily of class A G-protein-coupled receptors, and they are responsive toward both endogenous (such as enkephalins, dynorphins, endomorphins and endorphins) and exogenous opioids. Opioid receptors, which are found in the central nervous system and...
Apart from being located on the surface of immune cells, TLR-2 together with TLR-4 are also situated on the surface of tubular epithelial cells in the kidney [6,7,11,12]. The activation of TLR-2 and TLR-4 results in an inflammatory cascade, characterized by the release of pro-...