Electrons that have the same spin (red)get more and more repulsive as theyget closer to each other. ... In the case where a reaction does not occur, when you bring two molecules together there is a repulsion that occurs between the two sets of electron clouds that gets more and more i...
b) fusion c) chemical d) ionic Nuclear Reaction: A nuclear reaction is a type of reaction that involves changes in the nuclear composition of an element. This does not always adhere to the law of conservation of mass ...
A tokamak has yet to reach ignition. But the magnets it uses have the potential to sustain a fusion reaction for a longer period of time. (At NIF, fusion reactions occur within a fraction of a nanosecond.) Ultimately, breakthroughs in either branch of research can help bring fusion power w...
Why does a type II supernova explode? Type II. These supernovae occur at the end of a massive star's lifetime, when its nuclear fuel is exhausted and it is no longer supported by the release of nuclear energy.If the star's iron core is massive enough, it will collapse and become a...
is the end of the line for nuclear fusion occurring during the hot Big Bang. The big problem is that by this time, the Universe has expanded and cooled enough that its density is tiny: only one-billionth the density found in the Sun’s core. Nuclear fusion cannot occur any longer, as...
corresponds to approximately 500 grams of matter being converted into pure energy: an astonishingly large explosion for such a tiny amount of mass. Nuclear reactions involving fission or fusion (or both, as in the case of Ivy Mike) can produce tremendously dangerous, long-term radioactive waste....
Nuclear fusion reactions are constantly going on in nature. It remains only to reproduce them, simultaneously benefiting people. Why are we still not doing this? The problem is the monstrous temperatures at which they flow: no substance in our conditions can withstand them. Therefore, the plasma...
and even isolated beaches had plastic garbage washing up on them as litter was conveyed on the ocean currents from other parts of the planet. I’ve described these things as if they happened passively, but we humans have actively caused these changes to occur. In the past, we had the excu...
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What was it like when human beings transformed the Earth? What was it like when humans first arose on planet Earth? What was it like when mammals appeared and thrived? What was it like when life on Earth became complex? What was it like when oxygen killed almost all life on Earth...